Women's Day

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International Women's Day :-
International Women's Day is celebrated in many different countries on 8th March around the world. It is a day when women are recognised for their achievements without regard to divisions, whether national, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, economic or political. It is an occasion for looking back on past struggles and accomplishments, and for looking ahead to the untapped potential and opportunities that await future generations of women.
International Women's Day 2020: Theme
The Campaign theme for International Women's Day 2020 is #EachforEqual.
The theme focuses on gender equality, greater awareness of discrimination and a celebration of women's achievement.

The Campaign theme for International Women's Day 2019 is #BalanceforBetter.

International Women's Day first emersed from the activities of labour movements at the turn of the twentieth century in North America and across Europe.

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Largest Stadium

* World's Largest Cricket Stadium in Gujarat :-
Motera stadium in Gujarat is now the largest cricket stadium in the world. This stadium was inaugurated by US President Donald Trump on 24th February, 2020. The audience capacity of this new Motera Stadium is 1.10 lacs. The project estimated cost is Rs. 700 crore.
The foundation of this new Motera stadium was laid in January 2018 and it completed in 2020. Gujarat Cricket Association handed the stadium project to Larson and Tourbo (L&T) while its designing was done by the architecture firm  M/s Populous; the same firm that had designed the Melbourne Stadium.
Characteristics :-

• This new stadium is dispersed in 63 acres. This stadium is comprise a clubhouse with over 50 rooms, 3 practice grounds for cricketers, 4 dressing rooms, 76 corporate boxes, an Olympic size swimming pool, an indoor cricket training academy, a parking area that can accommodate around 3000 four-wheeler cars and up to 10,000 two Wheelers.
• Motera stadium became operational in 1983, but it became popular in 1987 when Sunil Gavaskar scored his 10,000th Test run on this ground. He was the first batsman to reach the milestone.
• The legendary Sachin Tendulkar had scored his first double century on this ground in 1999.
•  Along  with this Motera stadium, India has a total of 5 largest stadium from the list of top 10 largest stadium in the world.
  
  
  
  
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Highest 'Tiranga'

India's Highest Flag :-
India's Highest National Flag is located at Belgaum in Karnataka which is 360.8 feet high.
It is highest National Flag of India followed by the National Flag of India at Attari border in Punjab which was 360 feet in height. The Flag at Belgaum now holds the record of highest flag in India.
The Flag at Belgaum was made by the Karnatka's government to promote the Patrotism in young generations and to make Belgaum a tourist destination.
List of India's Highest 'Tiranga' :-

1. Belgaum, karnatka - 360.8 feet
2. Attari Border, Punjab - 360 feet
3. Kolhapur, Maharashtra - 303 feet
4. Pahadi Mandir Ranchi, Jharkhand - 293 feet
5. Telibandha Raipur, Chattisgarh - 269 feet
6. Faridabad Haryana - 250 feet
7. Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh - 237 feet
8. Cannut Place, New Delhi -207 feet
9. Jaipur, Rajasthan - 206 feet

Oath of Prime Minister

Q. Why Prime Minister of India takes Oath ?

     The Prime Minister's post is given to the Leader of the majority party at n the Lok Sabha (the lower house). Prior to entering the Prime Minister office the leader of majority party and his Cabinet Ministers need to take oaths of office and secrecy.
The Constitution of India does not specify any specific reason for the oath of the Prime Minister of India. But after going through the wordings of the oaths of office and secrecy it seems that the oaths of office and secrecy is a legal and spiritual practice.
In n the oath taking ceremony the Prime minister swears in the name of God that he is committed to maintain the dignity of his office and he shall maintain the sovereignty and integrity of the country in all circumstances.
Traditionally, the oath taking ceremony takes place at Durbar Hall, New Delhi.Till date (February, 2020) four Prime Ministers take oath at the Rastrapati Bhavan's  (President's House) forecourt.

Air Quality Index

Q. What is Air Quality Index ?
     The problem of air pollution has become a new challenge for the world. The air quality is measured by the Air Quality Index.
Air pollution means the amount of Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), and Carbon Monoxide (CO) in the air exceeds the criteria set by the World Health Organization (WHO).
India uses the National Air Quality Index (AQI), Canada uses the Air Quality Health Index, Singapore uses the Air Pollution Control index.
The National Air Quality Index (AQI) in India was launched on 17 September 2014 in New Delhi under the 'Swachh Bharat Abhiyan' by the Environment Minister Shri Prakash Javadekar. The air quality is composed of 8 pollutants - PM10, PM2.5, NO2, SO2, CO O3, NH3 and Pb.
The Air Quality Index measures the quality of air. It shows the amount and types of gases dissolved in the air. There are 6 categories, based on air quality.

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The Nepal Flag

The Nepal National Flag :-
Nepal is the only country that has two overlapping red triangles with a large blue border. With the unique flag shape and the representing National Flag, Nepalese has actually earned a distinctive identity in the world mass.
After the unification by the king Prithivi Narayan Shah, the new constitutionaly government was made, and the National Flag of Nepal was adopted on 16th December, 1962. Unfortunately, the designer of the national flag of Nepal is still unknown.
Unlike the usual trend of a rectangle-shaped flag, Nepal's flag has included two triangle shapes. The upper triangle of the flag contains a white half-moon, and the lower triangle contains the 12 pointed suns. According to the Hindu religion, the 12 pointed sun on the national flag represents the DEV or GOD among the five Gods or the 'Panchadev'. It also represents the 12 zodiac signs and 12 months of the year.

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Earth's mini-moon

Earth's temporary mini moon :-
A pairs pf astronomers discovered yhe miniature moon on the night of February 15, 2020. It showed up in the nightly observations of the Cataline Sky Survey, a NASA- funded project in Arizona.
            The new mini-moon, 2020 CD3, was discovered using a 1.52 metre telescope at Mount Lemmon Observatory near Tuscon, Arizona.
             The orbit of the newly discovered object, 2020 CD3 shows that it entered Earth's orbit some three years ago. The object has a diameter 1.9-3.5 metre assuming a C-type asteroid albedo. But it's a big deal as out of approximately one million known asteroids, this is just the second asteroid known to orbit Earth ( after 2006 RH120, which was also discovered by the Cataline Sky Survey)
             Scientists assume after observing the irregular path of this asteroid ( mini-moon ) that within next 5-6 months the object will free from Earth's gravitational force and will move forward in this endless Universe.

Irregular orbit of mini-moon

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Make the Flag

National Flag Maker :-
As our freedom, the journey of our national flag is also quite long. After passing through many colors and designs, national flag came in its original form which was unanimously accepted as a big one. In order to maintain the value of this tricolour, countless countrymen sacrified their lives.
             Pingli Venkaiah, the name of the indian independence movement that very few people know. It has been 72 years since the country got its independence but it is the misfortune of our country that today we have forgotten the same person who created the national flag of our country.
              True Patriot and agricultural scientist Pingali Venkaiah born on 02 August, 1876, at Machli-pattnam in Andra Pradesh of present India. After studying 30 different countries flags for 5 years, Venkaiah thought about the 'Tiranga'. With Mahatma Gandhi's suggestion, Venkaiah made the indian flag.
              In 1931, Indian National Congress accepted this flag made of three colours- Saffron, white and green with 'charkha'  in the middle in the All India Conference at karachi. In 1947, the indian government replaced the Gandhi's 'charkha' with "Ashoka Chakra" in the middle of the flag. He passed away on 04 july, 1963. In tribute to him, indian post department issused a ticket of five rupees on 12 August, 2009.

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Pink Ball in Cricket

Q. Why is Only Pink Ball chosen for the day night Test match ?
                                Science is used in almost every sport around the world. In ODI and T20 cricket, players wear colored clothes and play with a White ball, so that the ball is visible clearly to the players.
In the same way; the players wear white clothes and play with a Red ball in test matches, so that the ball may visible clearly.
The first pink ball was manufactured by Australia's ball manufacturing company 'Kookabura'. Initially, the company used orange and yellow colours in manufacturing the ball. But the cameramen were not able to see the yellow and orange ball properly and they were having difficulty in covering the match.
That is the reason that the Kookaburra company decided to change the color of the ball and after the successful experiment, it was changed to pink.
Difference in Red and Pink ball:-

• The main difference between the pink and red ball is the way leather is processed.
• The rad ball has dyed leather and some other processess are also done to shine it. On the other hand; the pink colour is because of a pigment with which the leather is coated.
• In the case of the traditional red ball, the red colour is absorbed by the leather, while the pink ball is painted just like a car is painted. The pink ball has an extra layer of colour ,so it will swing a lot as long as the ball is new.
  
  
  
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The Glass Frog

GLASS FROGS REAPPEAR IN Bolivia After 18 Years :-
                 A rare species of frog native to the eastern slopes of the Bolivia Andes has been spotted in the South American country for first time in 18 years. This Cochran frog is notable for its transparent belly, leading to its nickname, the 'glass' frog.
        Researchers came across the frogs during a mission to rescue reptiles and amphibians threatened by a hydroelectric project.
         Bolivian Cochran frog Nymphargus bejaranoi Hearts, digestive tracts visible through their transparent bellies.
         Weight:- 70-80 gm
          Length:-19-24 mm
          Habitat:- wetlands, forest
          Threats:- Agriculture, pollution.

Amazing facts

MICROWAVE COOKS :-
                Having a ready meal habit may be just as bad for the environment as it is for your waistline. A study by the University of Manchester has found that the yearly CO2 emissions from just 19 microwaves are comparable to those of a family car.

MALE CYCLISTS :-

Think cycling makes men impotent? On her bike! A team at the University of California has found that cycling has no greater impact on male sexual and urinary health than running or swimming.

BIRDS OF PARADISE :-

99.95 percentage of light absorbed by black features on birds of paradise. This rivals Vantablack, the darkest material on Earth.

Peace place

City of the dead :-
With burial space running out, Jerusalem's largest cemetery is expanding beneath the soil. Each of these holes will provide a final resting place for one of the city's dead, with some 22000 graves in total in the 1.5km long tunnel system.
          A shortage of burial space is an issue in crowed cities and in regions where religion discourages cremation. This means that engineers are having to come up with innovative solutions. These hive like crypts were bored into the rock, 50 meters below the original cemetery. "The deceased will be buried inside the rock, just as they were in Biblical times," says Arik Glazer chief executive of Rolzur Tunnelling, the company behind the project's construction. Visitors will enter the tunnels via elevators, with floors at different levels providing access to the stacked graves, while golf carts will be in hand to transport people around.

The MRI Machine

Q. Who really invented the MRI MACHINE ?
     With its ability to image the internal organs and functioning of the body without using X-rays, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ranks as one of the biggest medical breakthrough, and its development led to a Nobel Prize in 2003 for two scientists: Paul Lauterbur of the State University of New York, USA, and Peter Mansfield of the University of Nottingham, England.
      But with in a month of the Nobel prize being announced, a full-page advert appeared in The New York Times insisting MRI was actually invented by a New York doctor named Raymond Damadian.
       MRI exploits so called nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) in which hydrogen nuclei in our bodies are first gripped by powerful magnetic fields, then stimulated into producing radio waves.
        Damadian was among those who thought NMR might help with the early detection of cancer. By the early 1970s, the idea had shown promise, and Damadian was granted a patent for this use of NMR. However others were already going further, and trying to create clear visual images from the signals. Lauterbur and Mansfield are widely regarded to have carried out the most work towards solving the extremely challenging technical issues involved, turning MRI into the versatile technique for it is today.

Plant on Moon

Plant on Moon :-
                               On 03 january,2019, china's chang'e 4 became the first lunar probe to land on the far side of the Moon. Onboard was the Lunar Micro Ecosystem biosphere experiment, containing air, water, soil and various organism. Shortly after landing, the experiment was powered up, the inteternal temperature was adjusted to 24° Celsius, and the seeds watered.
                Twelve days later, the Advanced Technology Research Institute at Chongqing University reported that cottonseed, rapeseed and potato seed had sprouted, though only images of the cottonseed were released. The success was short-lived, however, when the following day it was reported that the shoots had failed to survive the freezing temperature of the lunar night.

The successful harvesting of plants is seen as a vital part of any long term space mission, such as establishing a permanent base on the Moon, or even a manned mission to Mars.

The Moon

Q. Why do we only ever see one side of the Moon ?
      There is no permanently dark side of the Moon. But we do only ever see the front of the Moon and not the back due to an effect called 'tidal locking'. Over time the Earth's gravity slowed the Moon's rotation on its axis until it matched the time it takes to orbit us (both 27.3 days).
       So, the Moon is rotating, we just never see the other side. The Moon is always half lit up and half not (day and night, just like on Earth). Where this sunlight falls depends on the Moon's position around the Earth. When between us and the sun the back is completely illuminated - definitely not dark. The only time it is completely dark is when we are experiencing a full Moon.

Flag code

Q. What  is Flag Code ?
      The Flag Code of india is a set of laws, practices and conventions that apply to the the display of the national flag. It was codified in 2002. 
Earlier - The Prevention of Insults To National Honour Act, 1971.
The rules to be followed by private citizens for hoisting the flag:-

• When the Flag is flown, it should occupy the position of honour.
• The flag should be positioned with the Saffron band on top and the green band ar the bottom.
• The Flag should be displayed in open and should be as far as possible, be flown from sunrise to sunset.
• No other flag should be placed higher than or above the National Flag.
• The flag shall not be intentionally allowed to touch the ground or trail in the water.
• The flag shall not be dipped in salute to any person or thing.
• Advertisement/ Notification/ Lettering of any kind should not be put up on the flag.
  
• The flag shall not be used for commercial purposes.
• When the flag is displayed on a speaker's platform, it should be flown on the speaker's right as he faces the audience or flat against the wall, above and behind the speaker.
• Flag made of paper may be waved by public on occasions of important national, cultural and sports events.                                 But paper flages should not be discarded or thrown on the ground after the event.
• A damaged or dirty flag should not be displayed. A damaged and spoiled National Flag shall be destroyed in a private ceremony preferable burning or by any other dignified manner.
• When a foreign dignity travels in a car provided by the government of india, our National Flag will be flown on the right side of the car and the flag of the foreign countries will be flown on  the left side of the car.
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Nobel to Mahatma

Q. Why is Mahatma Gandhi not awarded with Nobel Peace prize ?
       The first Nobel Peace was awarded on 10 december 1901 ; 117 years ago to Jean Dunant and Frederic Passy. Till date Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded 100 times to 134 Nobel Laureates between 1901 and 2019.
       Mahatma Gandhi was nominated for Nobel Peace Prize in 1937,1938,1939 and 1947. Gandhi ji became a strong choice for this prize only after india got independence. He was nominated again in 1948 and it was sure that he would get the prize this time. But few days before the final announcement of Nobel Prize, he was assassinated by Nathuram godse.

The Nobel Committee had publicly regretted the omission of the Gandhi ji from the list of Nobel winners. That's the reason that the Norwegian Nobel Committee decided not to give Nobel Peace prize to anyone in 1948.

Actually, as per the rules of Norwegian Nobel Committee, the Nobel prize is not awarded posthumously. However, if a person is awarded a Nobel prize and dies before receiving it, the prize may still be presented. 

A Nobel  Prize may not be shared among more than three individuals, although the Nobel Peace Prize can be awarded to organisations of more than three people.